Three years of war in Sudan have created the world’s largest humanitarian and displacement crisis, with devastating consequences for people’s health.
While the situation is improving in some states, the health crisis is deepening in areas where fighting continues. Disease outbreaks and malnutrition are rising, while access to health services shrink, and funding falls short.
Nearly 34 million people need humanitarian assistance, including 21 million in need of health assistance. Over 4 million people are estimated to be acutely malnourished in 2026 (IPC Alert, 5 February 2026) making them vulnerable to medical complications and disease.
Disease outbreaks are widespread, with malaria, dengue, measles, polio (cVDPV2), hepatitis E, meningitis, and diphtheria reported from several states, including Al Jazirah, Darfur, Gedaref, Khartoum, Kordofan, River Nile, and White Nile states.
Across Sudan’s 18 states, 37% of health facilities remain non-functional. Health facilities, ambulances, patients and health workers have been repeatedly attacked, further reducing access to health care, particularly in conflict-affected areas where hospitals are only partially functioning or have closed due to the destruction of facilities and equipment. WHO has verified 217 attacks on health care, since 15 April 2023, with 2052 deaths and 810 injuries.
“The war in Sudan is devastating lives and denying people their most basic rights, including health, water, food and safety. The health system has been crippled, leaving millions without essential health care,” said Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO Director-General. “Doctors and health workers can save lives, but they must have safe places to work and the medicines and supplies they need. Ultimately, the best medicine is peace.”
In the Greater Darfur and Kordofan regions, fighting has forced people from their homes and severely restricted the movement of humanitarian supplies. An example of this is the recent attack on El Daein Teaching Hospital in East Darfur, which has further compounded the crisis, resulting in at least 64 deaths, including children and health workers, and rendering the hospital non-functional. The hospital served as a critical referral hospital for hundreds of thousands of people across East Darfur.
“Three years in conflict have turned Sudan into the world’s largest ongoing health crisis, where disease is spreading, malnutrition is rising, and access to health care is rapidly declining,” said WHO Regional Director for the Eastern Mediterranean Dr Hanan Balkhy. “With millions lacking basic medical care, facing hunger, and at risk of disease, Sudan’s health crisis continues to deepen, emphasizing the urgent need for humanitarian support and long-term solutions. We remain committed to the people of Sudan.”
With services suspended, patients in urgent need of care are forced to undertake long and dangerous journeys to reach the nearest functioning health facilities. Repeated attacks on health care in the Kordofans have also destroyed health facilities, and have had a similar human toll, with injuries and deaths of patients, including children.
“WHO has been on the ground since the start of the conflict, with supplies, disease surveillance, training and coordination,” said Dr Shible Sahbani, WHO Representative to Sudan. “As access to some areas opens up, we are stepping up efforts to support early recovery and rehabilitation of the health system alongside the humanitarian response.”
WHO is supporting the supply chain for essential medicines, medical supplies and equipment, strengthening the health workforce and has helped restore key public health services, including state and national reference laboratories. Since April 2023, WHO has delivered over 3300 metric tons of medicines and medical supplies, including supplies for cholera, malaria, nutrition, and trauma care.
WHO-supported services have helped provide essential health care to more than 4.1 million people through primary health care centres, mobile clinics and hospitals. WHO also supported the treatment of over 118 000 children with complicated severe acute malnutrition, and vaccination campaigns, reaching more than 46 million children and adults with cholera, polio, diphtheria, measles and rubella vaccines. Malaria vaccines were also introduced; Sudan being the first country in the region to include malaria vaccines in the routine immunization programme.
WHO worked closely with the Federal and State Ministries of Health and partners to contain two cholera outbreaks. The most recent one was declared over in March 2026, following a sustained response lasting more than a year, including oral cholera vaccination campaigns reaching 24.5 million people.
WHO acknowledges the financial support of donors and development partners, whose generosity has ensured the provision of medical supplies, equipment, operational support and technical assistance.
WHO reiterates its commitment to the health of everyone, everywhere in Sudan. To ensure this, WHO calls for unrestricted and safe access to all areas of Sudan, for the protection of health care, and for sustained humanitarian and long-term funding.
Peace is long overdue for Sudan. Without peace, health cannot be attained.
An estimated 4.9 million children died before their fifth birthday in 2024, including 2.3 million newborns, according to new estimates released today. Most of these deaths are preventable with proven, low-cost interventions and access to quality health care.
According to the report – Levels & Trends in Child Mortality – under-five deaths globally have fallen by more than half since 2000. However, since 2015, the pace of reduction in child mortality has slowed by more than 60 per cent.
This year’s report provides the clearest and most detailed picture yet of how many children, adolescents, and youth are dying, where they are dying, and – for the first time – fully integrates estimates on the causes of death.*
For the first time, the report estimates deaths directly caused by severe acute malnutrition (SAM), finding that more than 100 000 children aged 1-59 months – or 5 per cent – died from it in 2024. The toll is far greater when indirect effects are considered, as malnutrition weakens children’s immunity and increases their risk of dying from common childhood diseases.
Mortality data also frequently fail to capture SAM as an underlying cause of death, suggesting the burden is likely substantially underestimated. Some of the countries with the highest numbers of direct deaths include Pakistan, Somalia, and Sudan.
Newborn deaths account for nearly half of all under-five deaths, reflecting slower progress in preventing deaths around the time of birth. Leading causes among newborns were complications from preterm birth (36 per cent) and complications during labour and delivery (21 per cent). Infections, including neonatal sepsis and congenital anomalies, were also important causes.
Beyond the first month, infectious diseases such as malaria, diarrhoea, and pneumonia were major killers. Malaria remained the single largest killer in this age group (17 per cent) – with most deaths occurring in endemic areas of sub-Saharan Africa. After steep declines between 2000 and 2015, progress towards reducing malaria mortality slowed in recent years. Deaths remain concentrated in a handful of endemic countries – such as Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Niger, and Nigeria – where conflict, climate shocks, invasive mosquitos, drug resistance, and other biological threats continue to affect access to prevention and treatment.
Child deaths remain heavily concentrated in a small number of regions. In 2024, sub-Saharan Africa accounted for 58 per cent of all under-five deaths. In the region, the leading infectious diseases were responsible for 54 per cent of all under-five deaths. In Europe and Northern America this proportion drops to 9 per cent and in Australia and New Zealand, drops further to 6 per cent. These stark disparities reflect unequal access to proven, life-saving interventions.
In Southern Asia, which accounted for 25 per cent of all under-five deaths, mortality was driven largely by complications in the first month of life – including preterm delivery, birth asphyxia/ trauma, congenital anomalies, and neonatal infections. These largely preventable conditions underscore the urgent need for investing in quality antenatal care, skilled health-care personnel at birth, care of small and sick newborns, and essential newborn services.
Fragile and conflict-affected countries continue to bear a disproportionate share of the burden. Children born in these settings are nearly three times more likely to die before their fifth birthday than those elsewhere.
The report also finds that an estimated 2.1 million children, adolescents and youth aged 5–24 died in 2024. Infectious diseases and injuries remain leading causes among younger children, while risks shift in adolescence: self-harm is the leading cause of death among girls aged 15–19, and road traffic injuries among boys.
Shifts in the global development financing landscape are placing critical maternal, newborn, and child health programmes under growing pressure. Surveys, health information systems, and the core functions that underpin effective care all need sustained funding not only to protect the progress made, but to accelerate it.
Evidence shows that investments in child health remain among the most cost-effective development measures. Proven, low-cost interventions – such as vaccines, treatment for severe acute malnutrition, and skilled care at birth – deliver some of the highest returns in global health, improving productivity, strengthening economies and reducing future public spending. Every dollar invested in child survival can generate up to twenty dollars in social and economic benefits.
To accelerate progress and save lives, governments, donors, and partners must:
“No child should die from diseases that we know how to prevent. But we see worrying signs that progress in child survival is slowing – and at a time where we’re seeing further global budget cuts,” said UNICEF Executive Director Catherine Russell. “History has shown what is possible when the world commits to protecting its children. With sustained investment and political will, we can continue to build on those achievements for future generations.”
“The world has made remarkable progress in saving children’s lives, but many still die from preventable causes,” said Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO Director-General. “Children living amid conflict and crisis are nearly three times more likely to die before their fifth birthday. We must protect essential health and nutrition services and reach the most vulnerable families so every child has the chance not only to survive, but to thrive.”
"These findings are a collective call to speed up implementation of the proven, scalable solutions we know are within reach," said Monique Vledder, World Bank Group Director, Health. "The World Bank Group health target of reaching 1.5 billion people is our concrete commitment to accelerating access to quality primary health services for more children and families."
“The latest estimates from the United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation are a stark reminder that progress on child survival is slowing and too many countries are off track to meet the Sustainable Development Goals,” said Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs Mr. Li Junhua. “We know how to prevent these deaths. What is needed now is renewed political commitment, sustained investment in primary health care, and stronger data systems to ensure no child is left behind.”
“These estimates demonstrate that many deaths among children under five – from causes such as preterm birth, lower respiratory infections, to injuries – are avoidable with proven, cost‑effective interventions,” says Li Liu, PhD, an associate professor at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and co-PI of CA-CODE. “The science is clear: targeted investments in primary health care, maternal and newborn health services, routine immunization, nutrition programmes, and quality and timely data systems can save millions of lives.”
* This is made possible by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME) unifying global child mortality and cause-of-death data in its flagship report, through the full integration of estimates from the Child and Adolescent Causes of Death Estimation (CA CODE) group – a research consortium led by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
Child deaths continue to decline globally, though updated data and improved methods mean this round’s estimates are slightly higher than reported the previous year. UN IGME estimates are not directly comparable across rounds, as each update incorporates new survey, census, and civil registration data, revised population and birth figures, and changes in country coverage.
About UN IGME
The United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation or UN IGME was formed in 2004 to share data on child mortality, improve methods for child mortality estimation, report on progress towards child survival goals and enhance the capacity of countries to produce timely and properly evaluated estimates of child mortality. UN IGME is led by UNICEF and includes the World Health Organization, the World Bank Group and the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. For more information: http://www.childmortality.org/
About Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health works to keep millions safe from illness and injury by pioneering new research, deploying knowledge in the field, and educating tomorrow’s public health leaders. The Bloomberg School was founded as the first independent school of public health in 1916 as part of Johns Hopkins University–the United States’ first research university. Today, Bloomberg School researchers work in settings from labs to communities to prevent disease, improve population health, and shape health policy in the U.S. and countries around the world.